Operating Systems Ontology Actor who starts an use case document processor Program that allows users to edit and format text along with tables and figures for later presentation in a certain format (printing, web, etc). Software requirements is a property which must be exhibited in order to solve some problem in the real world. A distinction can be drawn between Functiona and Nonfunctional Requirement. Functional parameters are requirement on software to be developed (for example, The software shall verify that a student meets all prerequisites before he or she registers for a course). A nonfunctional parameter is essentially a constraint on the development of the software (for example, The software shall be written in Java, or need a specific portability or security). Some software requirements generate implicit nonfunctional requirements. printing program Program which can be used for printing a document using a printer device. One who programs computers or designs the system to match the requirements of a systems analyst. developer software manual page man page Almost all substantial UNIX and Unix-like operating systems have extensive documentation known as man pages (short for "manual pages"). The Unix command used to display them is man. Each page is a self-contained document. Manual pages usually provided by the authors of the programs. A program which translates the source code of a computer program into a data format which can be executed by a computer. compiler Program used for executing a script. interpreter A device driver, or a software driver is a specific type of computer software, typically developed to allow interaction with hardware devices. This usually constitutes an interface for communicating with the device, through the specific computer bus or communications subsystem that the hardware is connected to, providing commands to and/or receiving data from the device, and on the other end, the requisite interfaces to the operating system and software applications. device driver 1 Is an event which doesn't have a subsequent event but has a previous event. Represents parts of the Kernel A set of programs that can be used to develop computer programs using a programming language. This usually means at least a compiler and linker and often is coupled to debuggers and file editors. programming environment A program that parses an annotated (i.e. in Latex) text file and produces a file that can be printed, further processed, shown on a screen, etc. document editor The kernel provides a set of interfaces by which processes running in user-space can interact with the system. System calls provide a layer between the hardware ande user-space process. A program which can be used for seeing which steps a program performs during execution. This makes it possible to diagnose what is wrong when a program doesn't do what it is supposed to do. debugger A web browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text, images, and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web or a local area network. browser internet browser web browser An installation requirement defines a requirement for using a particular installation file to install software. Installation requirements are useful when you want to include multiple installation files in a software definition. At installation time, the provisioning server compares the installation file requirements with the target computer to determine which file to use. For example, a software definition can contain multiple installable files in different formats, such as .tar and .zip. Each file can include a requirement for the software that is required to open or run the installation file. At installation time, the provisioning server checks the capabilities associated with the target computer against the installation requirements and selects the appropriate file if a match is found. An Internet forum is a facility on the World Wide Web for holding discussions and posting user generated content, or the web application software used to provide the facility. internet forum It defines what is inside of the frontier. The process scheduler is the component of the kernel that selects which process to run next. The process scheduler can be viewed as the subsystem of the kernel that divides the finite resource of processor time between the runnable processes on a system. process scheduling The VFS trats directories as files. In the path /bin/vi, both bin and vi are files - bin being the special directory file and vi being a regular file. An inode object represents both these components. Dentries might also include mount points. In the path /mnt/cdrom/foo, the components /, mnt, cdrom, and foo are all dentry objects. The VFS constructs dentry objects on the fly, as needed, when performing directory operations. Actors are basically external entities (people, hardware or software) which interact with the system to achieve a desired goal. Use case which has some events. An agreed way of organizing, writing and reading data as files on a device capable of storing and retrieving data. filesystem Nonfunctional requirements are the ones that act to constrain the solution, describe how the system accomplishes its functional requirements. Nonfunctional requirements are sometimes known as constraints or quality requirements. They can be further classified according to whether they are performance requirements, maintainability requirements, safety, reliability, or one of may other types of software requirements. It defines what is outside of the frontier. User refers to one who uses a service, in this case, a information service (software) or a hardware. Users may need to identify themselves for the purposes of accounting, security, logging and resource management. In order to identify oneself, a user has an account (a user identification) and a username (also called a nickname on some systems), and in most cases also a password. user É uma função obrigatória Most computer systems can only execute code found in the memory (ROM or RAM). Modern operating systems are stored on hard disks, or occasionally on LiveCDs, USB flash drives, or other non-volatile storage devices. When a computer is first powered on, it doesn't have an operating system in memory. The computer's hardware alone cannot perform complex actions such as loading a program from disk, so an apparent paradox exists: to load the operating system into memory, one appears to need to have an operating system already loaded. This program's only job is to load other software for the operating system to start. Superblock object is implemented by each filesystem, and is used to store information describing that specific filesystem. Each use case provides one or more scenarios that defines how the system should interact with the users called actors to achieve a specific business goal or function. A program that allows users from other computers to save and retrive files on the computer running the document server program. document server text editor editor A program that allows users to view and change the contents of files. A device that can perform computations given some time (has processor with eletronical part). computer computing device A sequence that represent an exception. It's not part of normal operations (tipical sequence). person A person Is an event which doesn't have a previous and doesn't have a subsequent event. It is an unique event. A command line interface program which allows the user to use a computer terminal shell The basic programs needed to run and maintain an operating system. While the kernel manages the system resources and provides a way for other programs to access those resources, a system with only a kernel can't do much. Programs are needed for initializing the system, logging in, accessing the shell, viewing processes, etc. The set of programs that are needed for a useful system are called system programs, or basic system programs. email server e-mail server A program that receives email from the internet and stores the emails until the receiver of the email requests his emails via an email-client Virtual File System Objects Functional requirements capture the intended behavior of the system. This behavior may be expressed as services, tasks or functions the system is required to perform. Trata-se de uma compreensão parcial dos requisitos do sistema. Conformance requirements are key to a specification, and are the only type of statement that you can't do without. They say how the products have to act, and are the whole point of having a specification in the first place. A conformance requirement must be testable. That is, you must be able to tell whether a product follows it or not. If you can't tell if a product follows it, then it isn't a conformance requirement, and shouldn't pretend to be one. hardware Any phisical component (usually has electronical and mechanical parts). Is an event which has a previous and a subsequent event. 1 1 A Software license comprises the permissions, rights and restrictions imposed on software. license System software helps run the computer hardware. It includes operating systems, device drivers, diagnostic tools, servers, windowing systems, utilities and more. The purpose of systems software is to insulate the applications programmer as much as possible from the details of the particular computer complex being used, especially memory and other hardware features, and such accessory devices as communications, printers, readers, displays, keyboards, etc. system program basic system program It's important to define the system frontier to identify what is external and what is internal and which are the responsibilities of the system. The choice of the system frontier is influenced by the needs of the inquiry. Manuals for the end-user, system administrators and support staff. Functional requirements describe the software features. These are the software capabilities that must be present in order for the user to carry out the services provided by the feature. Some use cases has importance rank. This rank define if use case is primary or secondary Represent some processes wich are main and common. Represent some processes wich are less importante or rarely An event sequence is an ordered list of events. Like a set, it contains members (also called elements or terms). A set of programs that are usually used in businesses for writing documents and storing, calculating and analizing business data. Usually, it contains at least a word processing program and a spreadsheet program. office suite reviser The reviser is responsible to review some software or documentation Operating Systems Domain Concept 1 software Consisting of programs, enables a computer to perform specific tasks, as opposed to the physical components of the system (hardware). A group of programs that providing a GUI. It usually comprises a window manager along with a graphical login manager, graphical configuration programs and a set of productivity programs. desktop environment graphical environment OS operating system Is considered the part of the system responsible for basic use and administration. This includes the kernel and device drivers, boot loader, command shell or other user interface, and basic file and system utilities. Emprego, uso, papel. Acceptance requiremente is deffined by custumers. The customers undertake, or specify, typical tasks to check that their requirements have been met or that the organization has identified these for the target market for the software. Configuration requirement is associated with interoperability. It is used to describe the capability of different programs to exchange data via a common set of business procedures, and to read and write the same file formats and use the same protocols. The lack of interoperability strongly implies that the described product or products were not designed with standardization in mind. Overview of software. Includes relations to an environment and construction principles to be used in design of software components. user-space program software application Application allows end users to accomplish one or more specific tasks like a business software, educational software and computer games. application Memory Management Memory Allocation An event is a set of activities that are invoked by a stimulus which can be an actor or by a point in time reached in the system. Scenarios are a valuable means for providing context to the elicitation of user requirements. They allow the software engineer to provide a framework for questions about user tasks by permitting "what is" and "how is this done" questions to be asked. Virtual File System is the subsystem of the kernel that implements the filesystem related interfaces provided to user-space programs. Virtual File Switch Virtual File System Use case which hasn't events. Interrupt Handlers Interrupts allow hardware to communicate with the processor. The function the kernel runs in response to a specific interrupt is called an interrupt handler or interrupt service routine (ISR). Interrupt Service Routine Documentation of code, algorithms, interfaces, and APIs. The core of an operating system which performs tasks such as process scheduling, hardware managment, managing system calls kernel A program that listens for requests for webpages and sends the webpages to users for them to see on webbrowsers. webserver approver In a group of users, an approver represents an authority with power to approve a software or a software documentation. An author represents the creator of a hardware, software, documentation or virtual comunite author Product briefs and promotional collateral. A file is an ordered string of bytes. The first byte marks the beginning of the file and the last byte marks the end of the file. Each file is assigned a human-readable name for identification by both the systemand the user. The file object is used to represent a file opened by a process. Trabalho que se há de concluir em um determinado tempo. web page website A web page is a resource of information that is suitable for the World Wide Web and can be accessed through a web browser. This information is usually in HTML or XHTML format, and may provide navigation to other web pages via hypertext links. user interface Abstract class denoting any way the user can interact with a computing device e-mail client email client A program that can be used for reading, writing and sending emails. 1 Is an event which doesn't have a previous event but has a subsequent event. organization A group of people united by some reason. This can be a company or a non-profit organization. maintainer The maintainer is responsible to develope and coordinate the activity of others developers. window manager A program which provides a GUI to the user. Acer Compaq HP IBM Apple Seagate Motorola LG Intel NEC Panasonic Toshiba Sony Dell Asus 2 3 5 4 1 1 5 4 3 2 An event which has a next event An event which has a previous event Kile is a (La)TeX development environment Free software is software that comes with permission for anyone to use, copy, and distribute, either verbatim or with modifications, either gratis or for a fee. In particular, this means that source code must be available. If it's not source, it's not software. This is a simplified definition. Richard Stallman The creator of Free Software Foundation and GNU GPL Richard Stallman abc123 Linus Torvalds The creator of the linux kernel ltorvalds David Miller abc123 djones This is the combination of the Linux kernel with system programs usually provided by the GNU project. Debian Operating System Linux This is the combination of the Linux kernel with system programs usually provided by the GNU project. Ubuntu Operating System vim One of the most popular text editors on Unix environments. Almost every Unix or Linux installation has a version of this text editor installed. Command to change the current directory change diretory command Bourne Again shell Use the chmod command to change the mode (the permissions) of a file or directory. change mode command for listing the contents of a directory. It can also be used for listing details about files and directories like the file owner and the file permissions. list file Very powerfull text editor based on the Lisp programming language. x-emacs gdb The GNU debugger change ownership Command chown can be used for changing the ownership of a file or directory. Use it to set a user or group as the owner of a file or directory. Bash The cat command prints the contents of a file on screen. The less command shows the contents of a file one page at a time. It also provides extra functionality like methods for searching for words in the file. less The more program shows the contents of a file. more Linux. The kernel of distributions actually written by Linus Torvalds and many other contributors. Suse Operating System This is the combination of the Linux kernel with system programs usually provided by the GNU project. Dave Jones Developer of Linux tgardner Tim Gardner abc123 abc123 dmiller Linus Torvalds GNU Project Group of people who wrote and still are writing free software according to the GNU license. The term freeware has no clear accepted definition, but it is commonly used for packages which permit redistribution but not modification (and their source code is not available). These packages are not free software, so please don't use freeware to refer to free software. Proprietary software is software that is not free or semi-free. Its use, redistribution or modification is prohibited, or requires you to ask for permission, or is restricted so much that you effectively can't do it freely. Shareware is software which comes with permission for people to redistribute copies, but says that anyone who continues to use a copy is required to pay a license fee. Shareware is not free software, or even semi-free. There are two reasons it is not: First, for most shareware, source code is not available; thus, you cannot modify the program at all. Second, shareware does not come with permission to make a copy and install it without paying a license fee, not even for individuals engaging in nonprofit activity. (In practice, people often disregard the distribution terms and do this anyway, but the terms don't permit it.) 2.1 Nokia Open Source License - NOKOS The term open source software is used by some people to mean more or less the same category as free software. It is not exactly the same class of software: they accept some licenses that we consider too restrictive, and there are free software licenses they have not accepted. However, the differences in extension of the category are small: nearly all free software is open source, and nearly all open source software is free. Public domain software is software that is not copyrighted. If the source code is in the public domain, that is a special case of non-copylefted free software, which means that some copies or modified versions may not be free at all. Kile Handbook Joroen Wijnhout jwihnhout Creator of Kile abc123 Acer Apple Toshiba Intel IBM Evolution email client 3.2.2 KDE The KDE graphical environment Fetchmail client Windows The windows operating system. The most common operating system in the world. DOS MS-DOS The first popular operating system written by Microsoft and the basis for earlier windows versions like windows 95, 98 and ME. Bill Gates Bill Gates The creator of Microsoft The largest software company in the world. Creators of MS-DOS, the windows operating systems, MS-Office, etc. Microsoft abc123 2.5.9 The creator of OSOnto, SwTO and SwTOi and member of GiaLix. 2.5.3 Daniella Rodrigues Bezerra drodrigues Daniella Rodrigues 1.1.5 rbraga abc123 Rodrigo Braga A member of GiaLix (Grupo de Inteligência Artificial para aprimoramento do Linux) DVD Driver Super Multi DVD Driver KU8E832422 LG 22SIH34 4IEJ883IK Processor Intel Processor Pentium 4 Intel KOD684WS D587956 HE534S 6952WSX Motorola Fax Modem ENF656 Fax Modem 56,000bps Data Download Rates IBM A personal computer NetVista ST340016A 3HS0XJ94 Seagate Hard Disk Barracuda ATA IV Hard Disk PCNetVista IBM87676 Gnome A desktop environment with the goal of providing modern, easy-to-use applications that work with each other. 2.6 KMail client Private or custom software is software developed for one user (typically an organization or company). That user keeps it and uses it, and does not release it to the public either as source code or as binaries. The gcc compiler Z shell C Shell Linux. The kernel of distributions actually written by Linus Torvalds and many other contributors. Korn shell abc123 Afonso Costa acosta A member of GiaLix Bourne shell vbrilhante A member of GiaLix abc123 Virginia Brilhante Enhanced C shell Guido Van Rossum Guido van Rossum abc123 The creator of the python scripting language gvan UNIX An operating system originally built by Bell Labs in the mid-70's. There are several different implementations of Unix. The python interpreter program python Commercial software is software being developed by a business which aims to make money from the use of the software. Commercial and proprietary are not the same thing! Most commercial software is proprietary, but there is commercial free software, and there is non-commercial non-free software. abc123 Ilias Biris A member of GiaLix ibiris