C++ language

From Cppreference

C++ Standard Library
Language Utilities library Strings library Containers library Algorithms library Iterators library Numerics library Input/output library Localizations library Regular expressions library (C++11) Atomic operations library (C++11) Thread support library (C++11)
C++ language
General topics Preprocessor Keywords ASCII chart Escape sequences Flow control if statement switch statement for loop for loop on a range (C++11) while loop do-while loop continue statement break statement return statement Functions declaring functions exception specifications noexcept specifier inline specifier Exceptions throw expression try-catch block Namespaces declaring namespaces namespace aliales Types fundamental types compound types function types decltype specifier Specifiers cv specifiers storage duration specifiers constexpr specifier auto specifier Operators operators operator precedence alternative representations Utilities standard conversions static_cast conversion dynamic_cast conversion const_cast conversion reinterpret_cast conversion new expression delete expression typedef declaration type alias declaration attributes Classes declaring classes access specifiers granting access for non-members initializer_list Special member functions default constructor copy constructor move constructor assignment operator move operator destructor

This is a brief reference of available C++ constructs.

Contents 1 General topics 1.1 Preprocessor 1.2 Comments 1.3 Keywords 1.4 ASCII chart 1.5 Escape sequences 2 Flow control 2.1 Conditional execution statements 2.2 Iteration statements 2.3 Jump statements 3 Functions 4 Exceptions 5 Namespaces 6 Types 6.1 Specifiers 6.2 Operators 6.3 Utilities 7 Classes 7.1 Special member functions 8 Templates

[edit] General topics

[edit] Preprocessor

[edit] Comments

[edit] Keywords

[edit] ASCII chart

[edit] Escape sequences

[edit] Flow control

[edit] Conditional execution statements

Different code paths are executed according to the value of given expression

• if executes code conditionally
• switch executes code according to the value of an integral argument

[edit] Iteration statements

The same code is executed several times

• for executes loop
• range-for executes loop over a range (C++11 feature)
• while executes loop, checking condition before each iteration
• do-while executes loop, checking condition after each iteration

[edit] Jump statements

Continue execution at a different location

• continue skips the remaining part of the enclosing loop body
• break terminates the enclosing loop
• goto continues execution in another location
• return terminates execution of the enclosing function

[edit] Functions

The same code can be reused at different locations in the program

• declaring functions
• exception specifications enforces the function to throw only specific exceptions or not to throw at all (deprecated)
• noexcept specifier enforces the function not to throw any exceptions (C++11 feature)
• inline specifier hints the compiler to insert a function's body directly into the calling code

[edit] Exceptions

Exceptions are a more robust way to signal error condition than function return codes or global error variables

• throw expression signals an error and transfers control to error handler
• try-catch block catches exceptions originating from specific block of code

[edit] Namespaces

Namespaces provide a way to prevent name clashes in large projects

• declaring namespaces
• namespace aliases

[edit] Types

• fundamental types define basic character, integer and floating point types
• compound types define types, holding several members of (potentially) different types
• function types define types, holding a pointer to a function
• decltype specifier defines a type, equivalent to the type of an expression (C++11 feature)

[edit] Specifiers

• cv specifiers specifies constness and volatility of a type
• storage duration specifiers specifies storage duration of a type
• constexpr specifier specifies that the value of a variable or function can be computed at compile time (C++11 feature)
• auto specifier specifies that the actual type shall be defined from the expression, assigned to the variable (C++11 feature)

[edit] Operators

• operators allows the use of syntax commonly found in mathematics

Common operators
assignment	increment decrement	arithmetic	logical	comparison	member access	other
a = b a = rvalue a += b a -= b a *= b a /= b a %= b a &= b a |= b a ^= b a <<= b a >>= b	++a --a a++ a--	+a -a a + b a - b a * b a / b a % b ~a a & b a | b a ^ b a << b a >> b	!a a && b a || b	a == b a != b a < b a > b a <= b a >= b	a[b] *a &a a->b a.b a->*b a.*b	a(...) a, b (type) a ? :
Special operators
static_cast converts one type to another compatible type dynamic_cast converts virtual base class to derived class const_cast converts type to compatible type with different cv qualifiers reinterpret_cast converts type to incompatible type new allocates memory delete deallocates memory sizeof queries the size of a type sizeof... queries the size of a parameter pack (C++11 feature) typeid queries the type information of a type noexcept checks if an expression can throw an exception (C++11 feature) alignof queries alignment requirements of a type (C++11 feature)

• operator precedence the order in which operators are evaluated
• alternative representations alternative spellings for some of the operators

[edit] Utilities

Types

• typedef declaration creates a synonym for a type
• type alias declaration creates a synonym for a type
• attributes defines additional information about variable (C++11 feature)

Casts

• standard conversions implicit conversions from one type to another
• const_cast conversion
• static_cast conversion
• dynamic_cast conversion
• reinterpret_cast conversion

Memory allocation

• new expression allocates memory dynamically
• delete expression deallocates memory dynamically

[edit] Classes

Classes provide the concept of object-oriented programming in C++

• declaring a class
• access specifiers
• friend specifier grants access privileges to private/protected parts for non-member classes or functions
• initializer lists

[edit] Special member functions

• default constructor initializes the object with default contents
• copy constructor initializes the object with the contents of another object
• move constructor initializes the object with the contents of other, temporary object, minimizing copying overhead (C++11 feature)
• assignment operator replaces the contents of the object with the contents of another object
• move assignment operator replaces the contents of the object with the contents of other, temporary object, minimizing copying overhead (C++11 feature)
• destructor releases claimed resources

[edit] Templates

Allows functions and classes to operate on generic types

• declaring a template